Load Regulation
Load regulation is the regulation of output voltage changes in the event of load fluctuations. The quality of a switched-mode power supply is particularly evident in dynamic areas when it comes to keeping the output voltage as constant as possible even during sharp changes in the output current. Particularly with very small loads or at minimum input voltage and full load, very strong overshoots or even dips can occur in extreme cases, which can even lead to malfunctions or damage under certain circumstances. The load regulation should be within 1 % at 12 V, as well as for the secondary rails (5 V and 3.3 V). The load regulation is within 1 percent on all primary rails. In view of the digital regulation, I would like to see tighter load regulation at 12 V.
| Test | 12V | 5V | 3.3V | 5VSB | DC/AC (Watts) | Efficiency | Fan Speed (RPM) | PSU Noise (dB[A]) | Temps (In/Out) | PF/AC Volts |
| 10% | 6.500A | 1.965A | 1.94A | 0.987A | 99.976 | 88.834% | 0 | <6.0 | 49.39°C | 0.889 |
| 12.059V | 5.088V | 3.401V | 5.067V | 112.54 | 40.04°C | 114.89V | ||||
| 20% | 14.026A | 2.95A | 2.913A | 1.186A | 199.923 | 92.067% | 0 | <6.0 | 51.44°C | 0.991 |
| 12.051V | 5.084V | 3.398V | 5.059V | 217.149 | 40.51°C | 114.85V | ||||
| 30% | 21.911A | 3.444A | 3.402A | 1.386A | 299.969 | 92.942% | 0 | <6.0 | 53.35°C | 0.994 |
| 12.045V | 5.081V | 3.395V | 5.051V | 322.763 | 41.13°C | 114.82V | ||||
| 40% | 29.765A | 3.939A | 3.891A | 1.586A | 399.479 | 92.956% | 0 | <6.0 | 56.05°C | 0.995 |
| 12.037V | 5.078V | 3.392V | 5.043V | 429.752 | 41.52°C | 114.79V | ||||
| 50% | 37.360A | 4.928A | 4.87A | 1.788A | 499.206 | 92.593% | 0 | <6.0 | 58.8°C | 0.995 |
| 12.010V | 5.073V | 3.388V | 5.034V | 539.146 | 42.44°C | 114.75V | ||||
| 60% | 44.989A | 5.918A | 5.85A | 1.989A | 599.754 | 91.893% | 478 | 6.2 | 42.54°C | 0.997 |
| 12.002V | 5.07V | 3.385V | 5.027V | 652.654 | 54.25°C | 114.71V | ||||
| 70% | 52.482A | 6.907A | 6.83A | 2.191A | 699.479 | 90.924% | 578 | 11.8 | 43.16°C | 0.998 |
| 12.011V | 5.068V | 3.383V | 5.02V | 769.304 | 54.36°C | 114.68V | ||||
| 80% | 60.118A | 7.897A | 7.812A | 2.295A | 799.495 | 90.257% | 716 | 20.3 | 43.61°C | 0.998 |
| 12.003V | 5.064V | 3.379V | 5.011V | 885.522 | 55.64°C | 114.64V | ||||
| 90% | 68.110A | 8.395A | 8.292A | 2.399A | 899.296 | 89.29% | 1010 | 31.1 | 44.67°C | 0.998 |
| 11.992V | 5.061V | 3.376V | 5.003V | 1007.271 | 57.43°C | 114.6V | ||||
| 100% | 75.898A | 8.894A | 8.803A | 3.003A | 999.308 | 88.57% | 1197 | 36.1 | 45.61°C | 0.998 |
| 11.985V | 5.059V | 3.374V | 4.995V | 1128.051 | 57.68°C | 114.56V | ||||
| 110% | 83.625A | 9.889A | 9.88A | 3.008A | 1099.933 | 87.797% | 1353 | 39.3 | 46.37°C | 0.998 |
| 11.977V | 5.055V | 3.371V | 4.986V | 1253.03 | 58.56°C | 114.52V | ||||
| CL1 | 0.116A | 17.868A | 17.675A | 0A | 151.296 | 84.576% | 667 | 18.5 | 40.86°C | 0.988 |
| 12.044V | 5.053V | 3.373V | 5.051V | 178.899 | 54.61°C | 114.86V | ||||
| CL2 | 0.115A | 24.687A | 0A | 0A | 126.238 | 83.437% | 695 | 19.4 | 40.56°C | 0.928 |
| 12.052V | 5.057V | 3.385V | 5.057V | 151.303 | 51.22°C | 114.86V | ||||
| CL3 | 0.115A | 0A | 24.469A | 0A | 83.898 | 78.14% | 725 | 20.7 | 40.39°C | 0.882 |
| 12.054V | 5.066V | 3.372V | 5.058V | 107.378 | 49.74°C | 114.89V | ||||
| CL4 | 83.355A | 0A | 0A | 0A | 999.897 | 89.274% | 991 | 30.4 | 45.27°C | 0.997 |
| 11.995V | 5.074V | 3.384V | 4.998V | 1121.162 | 52.69°C | 114.57V |
A look at the table with the partial load values is always helpful, as the power supply unit usually works under low load in practical operation.
| Test | 12V | 5V | 3.3V | 5VSB | DC/AC (Watts) | Efficiency | Fan Speed (RPM) | PSU Noise (dB[A]) | Temps (In/Out) | PF/AC Volts |
| 20W | 1.230A | 0.491A | 0.485A | 0.197A | 19.992 | 66.449% | 0 | <6.0 | 46.98°C | 0.737 |
| 12.067V | 5.093V | 3.401V | 5.073V | 30.095 | 36.03°C | 114.92V | ||||
| 40W | 2.708A | 0.687A | 0.679A | 0.296A | 39.989 | 76.737% | 0 | <6.0 | 45.48°C | 0.802 |
| 12.066V | 5.093V | 3.403V | 5.072V | 52.119 | 37.76°C | 114.91V | ||||
| 60W | 4.188A | 0.884A | 0.872A | 0.394A | 59.988 | 84.667% | 0 | <6.0 | 46.61°C | 0.824 |
| 12.063V | 5.091V | 3.404V | 5.07V | 70.86 | 38.02°C | 114.9V | ||||
| 80W | 5.664A | 1.08A | 1.066A | 0.493A | 79.926 | 87.482% | 0 | <6.0 | 48.05°C | 0.86 |
| 12.060V | 5.09V | 3.403V | 5.069V | 91.351 | 39.04°C | 114.89V |
Ripple suppression (residual ripple suppression)
Ripple in power supply units refers to small, unwanted AC voltage fluctuations that are superimposed on the DC voltage. They are caused by incomplete filtering when converting alternating current into direct current. A low ripple value is highly desirable as it ensures a clean and stable DC voltage, reduces interference and potential interference with sensitive electronics, improves performance and extends component life. A high ripple, on the other hand, can lead to instability, overheating or even damage to connected devices.
| Test | 12V | 5V | 3.3V | 5VSB | Pass/Fail |
| 10% Load | 14.2 mV | 12.5 mV | 13.1 mV | 13.3 mV | Pass |
| 20% Load | 14.4 mV | 11.3 mV | 11.9 mV | 13.9 mV | Pass |
| 30% Load | 12.7 mV | 21.1 mV | 20.5 mV | 15.9 mV | Pass |
| 40% Load | 11.1 mV | 18.9 mV | 16.5 mV | 13.8 mV | Pass |
| 50% Load | 12.6 mV | 12.9 mV | 13.3 mV | 16.4 mV | Pass |
| 60% Load | 12.4 mV | 12.0 mV | 14.3 mV | 16.4 mV | Pass |
| 70% Load | 13.4 mV | 13.1 mV | 15.2 mV | 17.4 mV | Pass |
| 80% Load | 13.4 mV | 15.1 mV | 16.8 mV | 19.1 mV | Pass |
| 90% Load | 12.7 mV | 11.7 mV | 13.8 mV | 17.0 mV | Pass |
| 100% Load | 22.9 mV | 16.2 mV | 21.4 mV | 24.8 mV | Pass |
| 110% Load | 24.0 mV | 18.1 mV | 21.6 mV | 26.4 mV | Pass |
| Crossload 1 | 22.0 mV | 15.3 mV | 15.5 mV | 10.9 mV | Pass |
| Crossload 2 | 15.6 mV | 16.9 mV | 13.2 mV | 10.5 mV | Pass |
| Crossload 3 | 13.9 mV | 9.9 mV | 13.5 mV | 10.3 mV | Pass |
| Crossload 4 | 22.8 mV | 17.1 mV | 19.5 mV | 20.3 mV | Pass |
Transient response (transient behavior)
The transient response of power supply units describes how quickly and effectively the power supply unit stabilizes its output voltage when the load changes abruptly, for example when the CPU or GPU suddenly demands more power. It is measured based on the time and voltage deviation during these load jumps. A faster and lower transient response ensures a stable power supply and prevents instability and possible damage to the components. The transient response is good for normal loads on all rails.
20% Load – 20ms
| Advanced Transient Response 20% - 50 Hz - No Caps | ||||
| Voltage | Before | After | Change | Pass/Fail |
| 12V | 12.054V | 11.936V | 0.98% | Pass |
| 5V | 5.093V | 5.008V | 1.68% | Pass |
| 3.3V | 3.402V | 3.273V | 3.78% | Pass |
| 5VSB | 5.060V | 5.014V | 0.91% | Pass |
50% Load -20ms
| Advanced Transient Response 50% - 50 Hz - No Caps | ||||
| Voltage | Before | After | Change | Pass/Fail |
| 12V | 12.015V | 11.895V | 1.00% | Pass |
| 5V | 5.086V | 5.012V | 1.45% | Pass |
| 3.3V | 3.394V | 3.264V | 3.85% | Pass |
| 5VSB | 5.039V | 4.996V | 0.86% | Pass |
Transient Response ATX v3.x Tests
[Note] For power supplies without a 12 4-pin connector, the maximum applied load for the transient response tests is 150 percent instead of 200 percent. The power supply passes all transient response tests according to ATX v3.1, but only just reaches the limit for the 200 percent transient load.
The performance of the 12 V rail is extremely low in these tests.
- 1 - Introduction, Prices and Technical Data
- 2 - Unboxing, Cables and iCUE
- 3 - Protection and EMI
- 4 - Teardown: Topology, components and craftmanship
- 5 - Load Regulation, Ripple Suppression, Transient Resonse
- 6 - Hold-Up Time, Timings, Inrush-Current
- 7 - Average Efficiency and PF
- 8 - Operating noise and fan
- 9 - Summary and conclusion







































































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